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1. Formal Grammar - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The two main categories of formal grammars are generative grammars, which describe how to write .. Automata theory formal languages and formal grammars http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_grammar

var wgNotice = ""; var wgNoticeLocal = ""; var wgNoticeLang = "en"; var wgNoticeProject = "wikipedia"; Formal grammar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search formal language and grammar framework , accessible from a disambiguation page Discuss In computer science and linguistics , a formal grammar , or sometimes simply grammar , is a precise description of a formal language — that is, of a set of strings over some alphabet . The two main categories of formal grammars are generative grammars , which describe how to write strings that belong to a given language (generate), and analytic grammars , which describe how to recognize when strings are members in the language (analyze). Contents Formal grammars Formal definition Example The Chomsky hierarchy ... edit Formal grammars Main articles: formal language and generative grammar A generative grammar consists of a set of rules for transforming strings. To generate a string in the language, one begins with a string consisting of only a single start symbol , and then successively applies the rules (any number of times, in any order) to rewrite this string. The language consists of all the strings that can be generated in this manner. Any particular sequence of legal choices taken during this rewriting process yields one particular string in the language. If there are multiple different ways of generating a single string, then the grammar is said to be ambiguous For example, assume the alphabet consists of

2. Lehigh University - CSE 318 The courses study foundation aspects of computation.......CSE 318 Automata and formal grammars (3) Instructor H. MunozAvila. Current Catalog http://www3.lehigh.edu/engineering/cse/academics/undergraduateprograms/cse318.as

COLLEGE HOME LEHIGH HOME SEARCH CSE 318 Automata and Formal Grammars (3) Instructor: H. Munoz-Avila Current Catalog Description The courses study foundation aspects of computation. The course covers three kinds of automata: include Finite Automata, Pushdown Automata and Turing Machines. It also covers the languages that these automata compute: regular languages, context-free languages, and decidable languages. The concepts of decidable and semi-decidable problems are also introduced. Textbook Efim Kimber, Carl Smith, Theory of Computation - A Gentle Introduction, ISBN 0130279617, Prentice Hall. References John E. Hopcroft, Rajeev Motwani, Jeffrey D. Ulman. Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation. Course Goals Teach students theory of computing. Study the capabilities and limitations of different kinds of automata including Turing-based models (today’s computers). Prerequisites by Topic CSE 261 Discrete Math. Major Topics Covered in the Course Automata Finite Automata Pushdown Automata Turing Machines Formal languages: regular languages context-free languages decidable languages.

3. JSTOR Introduction To Mathematical Linguistics Second, many essential aspects of transformational generative theory have their roots in the theory of formal grammars and Automata. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507(197506)51:2<499:ITML>2.0.CO;2-H

4. PlanetMath: Formal Grammar AMS MSC, 03D05 (Mathematical logic and foundations Computability and recursion theory Automata and formal grammars in connection with logical http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/GenerableByAFormalGrammar.html

(more info) Math for the people, by the people. Encyclopedia Requests Forums Docs ... RSS Login create new user name: pass: forget your password? Main Menu sections Encyclop¦dia Papers Books Expositions meta Requests Orphanage Unclass'd Unproven ... Classification talkback Polls Forums Feedback Bug Reports downloads Snapshots PM Book information News Docs Wiki ChangeLog ... About formal grammar (Definition) Introduction A grammar, loosely speaking, is a set of rules that can be applied to words to generate sentences in a language The mathematical abstraction of a grammar is known as a formal grammar . Instead of generating sentences from words, a formal grammar generates words from symbols and other words. The following basic ingredients are necessary in a formal grammar: a collection of symbols called an alphabet a collection of rules, called rewriting rules , specifying how one can generate new words from existing ones, and a collection of initial words that serve to initialize the generation of new words. To see how these rewriting rules work, let us look at an exaample. Let be the alphabet as well as the set of initial words. With the rewriting rules given by: from a word

5. CS 150, Fall 2002, The Theory Of Automata And Formal Languages A study of formal grammars, finitestate Automata, push-down Automata, Turing machines, time- and storage-bounded Turing machines, semantics of programming http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~stelo/cs150fall02/

Stefano Lonardi University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 Last updated: Apr 14, 2003 CS 150, Fall 2002: The Theory of Automata and Formal Languages A study of formal grammars, finite-state automata, push-down automata, Turing machines, time- and storage-bounded Turing machines, semantics of programming languages, elements of recursive function theory, and complexity of computation. Download syllabus Course Format Three 50-minute lectures and one hour discussion per week Five howeworks Two Quizzes Final Prerequisites The prerequisites are strictly enforced. In particular, if you registered, but later failed some prerequisite, you will be dropped from this course. Topics you should familiar with: sets, sequences, relations, functions, combinations, counting, recurrences, asymptotic notation, linear algebra (matrices, determinants), directed and undirected graphs, connectivity, proof methods (induction, contradiction), basic data structures (lists, stacks, binary trees) sorting, searching, graph traversal algorithms. CS 14 MATH 112 Class Meetings MWF, 10:40am-11:30am, University Village Theater 8

6. CIS573 Semigroup of an Automata; Pumping Theorem of regular languages; Decidable questions for regular languages. IV. formal grammars and Languages http://www.cis.temple.edu/~poe/cis573.html

CIS573 Course Outline " In Computer Science, Elegance Is Not A Dispensable Luxury, But A Matter Of Life And Death " - E. W. Dijkstra Instructor: Dr. Arthur T. Poe Time: Tuesday, 4:40pm - 7:10pm Place: Rm 322, Computer Activity Building Text: Denning, Dennis, and Qualitz : Machines, Languages, and Computations (Prentice Hall). Pre-requisites: 2-semesters of Discrete Structures ( or References: Hopcroft and Ullman: Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computations (Addison Wesley) Elements of the Theory of Computation (Prentice Hall) Revesz, G.E. Introduction to Formal Languages (McGraw Hill) Other References: Other books on automata, languages, machines and computation: by D. Wood, by Sudkamt, by Brookshear, by Cohen, by Arbib, by Ginsburg, by Harrison, etc. Books on Compiler Design: such as Lewis, P.M., Rosenkrantz, D.J., Stearns, R.E. Compiler Design Theory (Addison Wesley) The Languages of Machines (W.H. Freeman) treats similar topics but takes an entirely different approach.

7. On The Equivalence Of Formal Grammars And Machines. Abstract, Explores concepts of formal language and Automata theory underlying in declarative and procedural semantics and definite clause grammars. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/recordDetail?accno=EJ437828

8. Eric Filiol 'Metamorphism, Formal Grammars And Undecidable Code Mutation' (VX He The links between polymorphism and formal grammars has been introduced in . The generic tool is a finite automaton. Two different kinds of Automata are http://vx.netlux.org/lib/aef04.html

VX Heavens Home Upload Library Collection ... AV Check Metamorphism, Formal Grammars and Undecidable Code Mutation Eric Filiol International Journal of Computer Science, vol. 2, number 1, 2007, pp. 70-75 ISSN 1306-4428 April 2007 Download PDF file (369.41Kb) Back to index Also Associate Senior Professor at ESIEA - Laval filiol@esiea.fr E. Filiol is with the Lab. of Virology and Cryptology, ESAT, Rennes (France) Email: eric.filiol@esat.terre.defense.gouv.fr Abstract This paper presents a formalisation of the different existing code mutation techniques (polymorphism and metamorphism) by means of formal grammars. While very few theoretical results are known about the detection complexity of viral mutation techniques, we exhaustively address this critical issue by considering the Chomsky classification of formal grammars. This enables us to determine which family of code mutation techniques are likely to be detected or on the contrary are bound to remain undetected. As an illustration we then present, on a formal basis, a proof-of-concept metamorphic mutation engine denoted PB MOT, whose detection has been proven to be undecidable. Keywords Polymorphism, Metamorphism, Formal Grammars, Formal Languages, Language Decision, Code Mutation, Word Problem.

9. Automata And Formal Languages Automata and formal Languages finite Automata 5-tuple (Q, Z, o, q0, . of many programming languages LR-grammars generate exactly the DCFLs DCFLs are http://carlstrom.com/stanford/comps/Automata-and-Formal-Languages.txt

=1, and for all i>=0, uv^iw is in L. Furthermore, n is no greater than the number of states of the samllest FA accepting L. regular sets are closed under union, concatenation, kleene closure complement intersection substitution homomorphisms and inverse homomorphisms quotient with arbitrary sets the set of sentences accepted by an FA M with n states is: nonempty iff the FA accepts a sentence of length less than n infinite iff the FA accepts a sentence of length l where n <=l <=i <=n and 1 <=j <01) is undecidable (Godel's incompleteness theorem) theory of reals with addition IS DECIDABLE presburger arithmetic IS DECIDABLE (Z+= <01) - highlights of other important language classes auxillary PDA (deterministic or nondeterministic) read only input tape with w FSM r/w tape of length of input string w a stack stack automaton (SA) is a PDA plus input is two-way read only with end markers the stack head can traverse the stack in read only mode - P decidable vs decidable but not P (NP-complete vs PSPACE) vs undecidable

10. Subjects types of Automata from the viewpoint of their weak (generative) power and their relation to formal grammars finitestate Automata, pushdown store Automata, http://is.cuni.cz/eng/studium/predmety/index.php?do=predmet&kod=NPFL002

11. LINGUISTICS :: View Topic - Formal Grammars Introduction to Automata theory, languages and computation by John E. Hopcroft et al. deals with formal languages and their grammars (or vice verse http://www.lingforum.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1054&sid=bbc3da29f696bcbe90316e07

12. CTI Intranet Fall 04/05, Automata Theory and formal grammars, CSC 444701. Fall 04/05, Automata Theory and formal grammars, CSC 444-702 http://www.cti.depaul.edu/people/facultyInfo.asp?id=109

13. Project-SIGNES:Sentence Structure And Formal Grammars: Syntax The center natural language syntax and semantics Word structure and Automata computational morphology Sentence structure and formal grammars syntax http://ralyx.inria.fr/2006/Raweb/signes/uid23.html

Team SIGNES Members Overall Objectives Scientific Foundations The center: natural language syntax and semantics Word structure and automata: computational morphology Sentence structure and formal grammars: syntax Sentence structure and logic: the syntax/semantics interface ... Type systems and functional programming for computational linguistics Application Domains Sanskrit philology Towards French Sign Language (LSF) modelling and processing Software The Zen toolkit Sanskrit Site Grail 3: natural language analysis with multimodal categorial grammar DepLin ... Speech synthesis New Results Flexional morphology and regular relations Zeugmas in Lexico-Functional Grammar Efficient and robust LFG parsing: SxPipe and SxLfg Development of syntactic lexica (the Lefff and its followers) ... Modelling of French Sign Language grammar Other Grants and Activities Regional research programs National research programs Associate research team Dissemination Activism within the scientific community Teaching Thesis Juries Academic supervision ... Participation to colloquia, seminars, invitations Bibliography Major publications Year Publications References in notes Inria ... Project: SIGNES Project : signes Section: Scientific Foundations Keywords formal grammars categorial grammars minimalist grammars lexical-functional grammars ... property grammars Sentence structure and formal grammars: syntax Participants Maxime Amblard [correspondant]

14. Courses The course covers subjects of Theoretical Computer Science (logic for Computer Science, Automata, formal grammars, computability and complexity), http://www.corelab.ntua.gr/courses.htm

Computation and Reasoning Laboratory National Technical University of Athens For course-related announcements see the individual courses' pages. Undergraduate Courses Introduction to Computer Programming (fall semester) Introduction to Computer Science. Algorithms and Data Structures, programs, programming languages. Pascal. Specification, design, coding, verification, documentation and maintenance of programs. Basic data structures, control structures, procedures, recursion, parameter passing. Introduction to Computer Science (spring semester) The goal of this course is to introduce students to fundamental computer principles and various areas of Computer Science. The course covers subjects of Theoretical Computer Science (logic for Computer Science, automata, formal grammars, computability and complexity), number representation and operations (binary arithmetic, number systems, binary representation, fixed point and floating point operations, encoding), computer architecture (processor architecture, instruction format-machine language, assembly language, memory organization-peripheral devices-storage devices), as well as an introduction to system software (operating system, compiler-interpreter), applications (databases, file management, etc), and various programming paradigms (functional, logical, object-oriented programming). (fall semester) Techniques for asymptotic program analysis and algorithm selection criteria. Algorithm design techniques: divide and conquer, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms. Applications to graph theory (depth-first search, breadth-first search, minimum spanning tree, shortest path). Sorting and searching. Algebraic problems (evaluation of polynomials, matrix multiplication). Polynomial-time algorithms and NP-complete problems.

15. FACULTY OF SCIENCE The topics include regular languages, regular expressions, deterministic and nondeterministic finite Automata, formal grammars, Chomsky hierarchy, http://www.mun.ca/regoff/cal2004_05/ScienceCompSciCourses.htm

2004 - 2005 Calendar FACULTY OF SCIENCE COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSE LIST In accordance with Senate's Policy Regarding Inactive Courses , the course descriptions for courses which have not been offered in the previous three academic years and which are not scheduled to be offered in the current academic year have been removed from the following listing. For information about any of these inactive courses, please contact the Head of the Department. FIRST YEAR COURSES This course offers an overview of computers and information technology. It provides students with the knowledge necessary to answer questions, such as: What is a computer system? How does it work? How is it used? This is done through the use of popular spreadsheet, word processing and database software packages and the Internet. Social issues and implications will also be included. Prerequisite: Level III Advanced Mathematics or Mathematics 1090, which can be taken concurrently. Lectures: Three hours per week. Laboratory: Three hours per week.

16. Grammar Induction has been studied as early as the growth of the theory of formal grammars. A workshop on Automata Induction, Grammatical Inference, and Language http://www.info.ucl.ac.be/~pdupont/pdupont/gram.html

Grammar Induction A definition Grammar Induction , also known as Grammatical Inference, is a particular instance of Inductive Learning which can be formulated as the task of discovering common structures in examples which are supposed to be generated by the same process. In this case, the set of examples, also called positive sample, is usually a set of strings defined on a specific alphabet . A negative sample, that is a set of strings not belonging to the target language , may also help the induction process. This problem has been studied as early as the growth of the theory of formal grammars. It has an obvious theoritical interest and also an important range of applications, in particular in the fields of Identification of Sequential Processes, Pattern Recognition, Speech and Natural Language Processing . The theoretical complexity of this problem is now well established and many empirical algorithms have been devised. Grammar Induction Tutorials Grammar Induction References Events A workshop on Challenges and Applications of Grammar Induction in conjunction with the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML'07) , Oregon State University, June 20 - June 24, 2007 ICGI'06 , 8th International Colloquium on Grammatical Inference, Tokyo (Japan), September 2006.

17. Automata: From Mathematics To Applications (AutoMathA): European Science Foundat In recent years, novel applications of Automatatheoretic concepts have emerged Automata, Semigroups, formal grammars and languages, Combinatorics on http://www.esf.org/automatha

European Science Foundation Jump to: main navigation sub navigation service navigation search ... content Searchform Search Service navigation RSS Subscribe Text: Increase Decrease Print this page Send via e-mail Bookmark this page Member pages Main navigation Home About us Activities Research Areas ... Contact You are here: Home Activities Research Networking Programmes Physical and Engineering Sciences (PESC) Sub navigation EuroBioFund EUROCORES EURYI Exploratory Workshops ... Networks Automata: from Mathematics to Applications (AutoMathA) Summary Automata theory (AT) is one of the longest established areas in Computer Science. Over the past few years, AT has not only developed in many different directions, but has also evolved in an exciting way at several levels: the exploration of specific new models and applications has at the same time stimulated a variety of deep mathematical theories. This project proposes a set of co-ordinated actions for advancing the theory of automata and for increasing its application to challenging scientific problems. Standard applications of AT include pattern matching, syntax analysis and software verification. In recent years, novel applications of automata-theoretic concepts have emerged from biology, physics, cognitive sciences, neurosciences, control, tomography, linguistics, mathematics, etc., while developments in information technology have increased the need for formally-based design and verification methods to cope with such emerging technical needs as network security, mobile intelligent devices, and high performance computing.

18. NTU Review of logic and set theory, functions and relations, formal languages and grammars, finitestate Automata, pushdown Automata,......Course http://www.ntu.edu/ac/accourse.asp?term_id=2004-5&CID=CM 310-D

19. TDDA89 Formal Languages And Automata Theory Automata and formal languages appear (possibly in various disguises) in of finite Automata; Properties of regular languages; Contextfree grammars http://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDA89/

Department of Computer and Information Science Division of Software and Systems (SaS) TDDA89 Formal Languages and Automata Theory staff resources organization literature ... schedule This page can be accessed as www.ida.liu.se/~TDDA89/ or www-und.ida.liu.se/~TDDA89/ News Home Assignment 2 posted. The first half of Home Assignment 2 posted. The slides on the pumping lemma for reg. lang. that were presented at the tutorial can be found here As announced at the tutorials, the deadline for the home assignment 1 has been postponed until 24th of April. Complete home assignment 1 available. The first problem of Home Assignment 1 posted. In 2007 we run the course with only minor changes with respect to 2006. Objectives This course will give an introduction to formal languages and automata theory. Automata and formal languages appear (possibly in various disguises) in almost every branch of computer science. A formal language is a set of strings where a string is a finite sequence of symbols . An example of a formal language is the set of all ``syntactically correct'' Pascal programs (accepted by a certain compiler). A main problem that we will discuss is how to define an infinite language in a finite way. A related problem is to construct an algorithm that can decide whether a string is in the language or not. Both problems are of practical importance, for instance for constructing compilers and design of programming languages.

20. Automata Induction, Grammar Inference, And Language Acquisition Grammatical Inference, variously refered to as Automata induction, Regular grammars are the simplest class of formal grammars in the Chomsky hierarrchy. http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/ailab/projects/grammar.html

Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory Department of Computer Science Iowa State University Automata Induction, Grammar Inference, and Language Acquisition Personnel Project Summary Funding Publications ... AI Lab Personnel Dr. Vasant Honavar , Principal Investigator. Dr. Rajesh Parekh , Former Ph.D. Student. Mr. Codrin Nichitiu , Visiting Researcher (from ENS Lyon, France). Project Summary Grammatical Inference, variously refered to as automata induction, grammar induction, and automatic language acquisition, refers to the process of learning of grammars and languages from data. Machine learning of grammars finds a variety of applications in syntactic pattern recognition, adaptive intelligent agents, diagnosis, computational biology, systems modelling, prediction, natural language acquisition, data mining and knowledge discovery. Regular grammars are the simplest class of formal grammars in the Chomsky hierarrchy. An understanding of the issues and problems encountered in learning regular languages (or equivalently, identification of the corresponding DFA) are therefore likely to provide insights into the problem of learning more general classes of languages. Consequently, regular grammar inference from examples has received a great deal of attention in theoretical computer science, machine learning, syntactic pattern recognition, computational learning theory, and grammar inference communities. Exact learning of the target DFA from an arbitrary presentation of labeled examples is a hard problem. Gold showed that the problem of identifying the minimum state DFA consistent with a presentation S comprising of a finite non-empty set of positive examples S+ and possibly a finite non-empty set of negative examples S- is NP-hard. Under the standard complexity theoretic assumption P not equal to NP, Pitt and Warmuth showed that no polynomial time algorithm can be guaranteed to produce a DFA that has approximately the same number of states as the target DFA from a set of labeled examples corresponding to a DFA. In the face of these negative results, efficient learning algorithms for identification of DFA assume that additional information is provided to the learner. Trakhtenbrot and Barzdin described a polynomial time algorithm for constructing the smallest DFA consistent with a

21. Peter Linz The course deals with the study of formal grammars, quizzes, one nal. Textbook Peter Linz, An Introduction to formal Languages and Automata, Jones . http://unjobs.org/authors/peter-linz

Enter your search terms UNjobs.org Web Submit search form Geneva, 16 December 2007 International Humanitarian Law Reader Unlawful Confinement Reports from the Field Owo, Nigeria Photos Mongar, Bhutan Related Authors Abraham Silberschatz Charles E. Leiserson Clifford Stein Douglas E. Comer ... Authors Peter Linz Susan Rodger, Duke University Thomas Finley, Cornell University Peter Linz, University of California, Davis SIGCSE ... Thomas Finley, Cornell University. Peter Linz, University of California, Davis. SIGCSE 2006 ... JFLAP's usage. • JFLAP NSF Sponsored Study. How JFLAP Fits ... http://www.cs.duke.edu/csed/jflapworksho... Susan Rodger, Duke University Thomas Finley, Cornell University Peter Linz, University of California, Davis SIGCSE ... Thomas Finley, Cornell University. Peter Linz, University of California, Davis ... Peter Linz. • University of California, Davis. – Professor Emeritus ... http://www.cs.duke.edu/csed/jflapworksho... Errata for " An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata", by Peter Linz, Third Edition, Fifth printing Peter Linz, Third Edition, Fifth printing. Page 26, Exercise 6: replace * L. L. with. L. L. Page 45, Exercise 3: in the second line of this exercise, replace. L. with L ... http://www.win.tue.nl/~luttik/Courses/AFT/errata.pdf

22. Formal Language Theory And The Complexity Of NL - Wiebke Petersen We will concentrate on those formal languages that can be generated by formal grammars and recognized by Automata. The Chomsky hierarchy classifies those http://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/Riga/Riga.html

Compact Course: Formal Language Theory and the complexity of natural languages Date: Riga, 6th and 7th december 2006 Lecturer: Wiebke Petersen Telephone: 81-15295 name='petersew'; domain='uni-duesseldorf'; tld='de'; document.write(''+name+'@'+domain+'.'+tld+''); Announcement The course will be split into two parts (which can be attended separately, although the attendance of the whole course is recommended): (1) An introduction to automata and Formal Language Theory (2) The complexity of natural languages The first part gives an introduction to Formal Language Theory for students with little or no background in formal systems. The topics to be covered include: regular languages and regular expressions; finite state automata; context free grammars and languages; pushdown automata; the Chomsky hierarchy; weak and strong generative capacity; and grammar equivalence. We will concentrate on those formal languages that can be generated by formal grammars and recognized by automata. The Chomsky hierarchy classifies those languages hierarchically according to the structural complexity of their generating grammars. In 1957 Chomsky raised the question where natural languages (seen as formal languages) have to be placed in the hierarchy. From the viewpoint of computational linguistics this question is central, since its answer determines the choice of appropriate computational formalisms for natural language processing.

23. Education formal grammars and Automata formal languages, Chomsky`s hierarchy of formal grammars. Automata theory. Electronic literature and culture. http://www.bacl.org/education.html

Education The Bulgarian Association for Computational Linguistics is a co-establisher of the Master`s program in Computational Linguistics at the Faculty of Slavic Languages at Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski". The BACL members are among the main lecturers` staff on the program. The main goals of the program are to provide profound knowledge in computer science technologies, automatic text processing, contemporary language technologies and formal theories for natural language description and processing. Compulsory lecture courses and seminars General theory of the formal description of natural languages. Formal approaches in phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Case theory. Chomsky`s theories. Introduction to Computational Linguistics - Automatic Natural Language Generation and Recognition. Speech Generation and Recognition. Morphological and Syntactic parsing. Fundaments of Machine translation. Mathematics and logic for students in philology. Comparison of mathematical and natural languages. Propositional and predicate logic. Elementary set theory. Functions and relations. Trees and graphs. Introduction to computer science. Computer systems. Operational systems. Programming languages and algorithms.

24. CSC 456/656 UNLV Automata And Formal Languages Assignments Fall 2003 Computer Science 456/656 Automata and formal Languages There are specialized classes of grammars used in practice which are very complex (see, http://www.cs.unlv.edu/~larmore/Courses/CSC456/F03/Assignments/

Computer Science 456/656: Automata and Formal Languages Fall 2003 Assignments This page will be updated frequently. Most recent update: December 12, 2003. Background. I will assume that you are familiar with the material in Sections 0.2 through 0.4 of your textbook, pages 3-27, since that material should have been covered in the prerequisite courses. In practice, this means that you should read these sections to make sure that you recall the material. I recommend that everyone who is unsure of himself on this material work Exercises 0.1 to 0.9 on pages 25-27 of your textbook. (But do not hand them in.) Tuesday, August 26, 2003. Lecture subject: regular languages and finite automata Today's lecture will begin with a brief summary of Section 0.1 of your textbook (pages 1-3). We will then begin the main subject of the first portion of the course, regular languages and finite automata, starting with Sections 1.1 and 1.2 of your textbook. One of the fundamental themes of the course is that a problem is a language . (Actually, only 0/1 problems are languages, but that's a mere technicality.)

25. COMPUTER SCIENCE formal grammars; Chomsky hierarchy; deterministic and nondeterministic models of finite Automata, pushdown Automata, linear bounded Automata, http://www.yu.edu/catalog/undergrad/catalog9920_women/courses/computer_science.h

Undergraduate Women 1999-2000 COMPUTER SCIENCE (COMP) Back to course index Back to main index Major: Stern College COMP 1315C, 1336C, 1502, 1503, 2101C or 3402, 3610 or 3640, 3543, 3544; 9 additional credits in COMP advanced electives chosen with the approval of the discipline advisor; MAT 1412, 1413, 2105. Students interested in computer hardware should take COMP 2101C and 2146C. Note also the Computer track of the Mathematics major. Minor: Stern College COMP 1315C, 1336C, 1502, 3543 and 6 additional credits in COMP electives approved by the discipline adviser; MAT 1412, 1413. 1010C Introduction to Computers and Their Applications. 3 hours of lecture. 2 hours of lab. 3 credits. Computer hardware, software, and firmware; personal productivity software: wordprocessing, graphics, and spreadsheets; data-base management systems and programming languages. May not be used for the Computer Science major or minor. 1115C Introduction to Computer Applications and Programming. 3 hours of lecture. 2 hours of lab. 3 credits. Windows tm operating system, basic concepts and techniques of an office productivity suite. Microsoft OFFICE Professional.

26. Automata & Formal Language Exam Syllabus CS 562 Automata Theory; CS 620A formal Languages and Syntactic Analysis I context free grammars and languages should be understood (for languages, http://www.cs.sdsu.edu/grad/exams/automata.html

Department of Computer Science Home Contact Us Undergraduate Student Info Graduate Student Info Graduate Program Prospective Students Thesis Defense Past Theses Master's Exams CS Graduate Advisors Forms Overview Schedule ... Programming Languages Related Courses CS 562 Automata Theory CS 620A Formal Languages and Syntactic Analysis I References Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, Hopcroft and Ullman, Addison-Wesley The Theory of Parsing, Translation, and Compiling, Vol I, Aho and Ullman, Prentice-Hall Introduction to Formal Language Theory, Harrison, Addison-Wesley Theory of Finite Automata with an Intro. to Formal Languages, Carroll and Long Prentice-Hall Topics This exam deals with generators and recognizers for various classes of languages Grammar types: type 3 (regular), type 2 (context free), type 1(context sensitive), type 0(general) In addition the ideas of deterministic and ambiguous context free grammars and languages should be understood (for languages, the term 'inherent ambiguity' is used) Normal forms: Greibach and Chomsky Normal forms for cfl's Recognizers: Finite automata, including these variationsnon-deterministic finite automata, finite automata with lambda moves, 2-way finite automata with or without end-markers; Equivalence proofs for these models; Mealy and Moore machines plus equivalence proofs

27. Discrete Foundations to establish a link between computational problems and precise formal models to develop an understanding of abstract Automata, grammars and formal http://www.peter-dixon.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/PMA1050/PMA1050.HTM

PMA 1050 / PMA 6853: Discrete Foundations 2004-5 by Dr. P.G. Dixon IMPORTANT: This is not the current web page for this course . The current web page is http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~pdg/PMA1050 The purpose of this page is merely to provide an archive copy of the web page I had when I was giving the course, but without the questions and solutions, which may be being used by the current lecturer. Any queries about the course should be addressed to the current lecturer, Dr. V. V. Bavula: e-mail V.Bavula with the usual extension @sheffield.ac.uk This 10-credit half-module explores the theoretical foundations of Computer Science, answering the question: "What is computation?". It introduces the discrete mathematical modelling techniques needed to describe software systems, construct specifications and prove that they are correct. Topics covered include: sets, functions and relations; propositional logic, truth tables and rules of inference; simple proof, refutation proof and inductive proof; finite automata, regular expressions, Moore and Mealy machines; phrase structure grammars, regular and context-free languages. Aims of the Course to establish a link between computational problems and precise formal models to provide a grounding in set theory and propositional logic to provide a grounding in natural deduction, refutation and inductive proof techniques

28. IngentaConnect Content Not Found Languages are defined by formal grammars and Automata. The following formulation of this problem as a decision one is proposed for a language represented http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/vsp/dma/2003/00000013/00000005/art00002

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29. Course Descriptions - Computer Science > UTSA > University Of Texas At San Anton Discussion of abstract machines (finite state Automata, pushdown Automata, and Turing machines), formal grammars (regular, contextfree, and type 0), http://www.utsa.edu/ucat/Chapter8/CS.cfm

content Note: This site is best viewed in a browser that supports web standards , but it is accessible to any browser or internet device. content COURSE DESCRIPTIONS COMPUTER SCIENCE (CS) 1023 Cultural Implications of the Information Society [TCCN: COSC 1300.] (3-0) 3 hours credit. This course offers an examination of the modern information society and the influences of technological advances on society and culture. The emphasis is on information and its management from ethical, social, and legal perspectives. Students will make extensive use of the World Wide Web. 1033 Microcomputer Applications [TCCN: COSC 1301.] (3-0) 3 hours credit. Study of the uses of the computer and the organization and visualization of data. Topics will be selected from library searching, networking, e-mail, spreadsheets, databases, authoring packages, multimedia and hypertext applications, presentation graphics, and legal/ethical issues. May not be applied toward a major in computer science. (Formerly CS 2083. Credit cannot be earned for both CS 1033 and CS 2083.) 1063 Introduction to Computer Programming [TCCN: COSC 1336.]

30. Computational Theory And Formal Languages - Formal Grammars And Languages Respec formal grammars and languages respecting to Automata theory. formal grammars; Classification of grammars and formal languages. http://wuwuwu.com.pl/jf/teo3-e.htm

Formal grammars and languages respecting to Automata theory Formal grammars Classification of grammars and formal languages. Chomski's hierarchy Turing Theory Formal grammars A grammar G is a set of 4 elements. It was defined by a mathematician-linguist Naom Chomski as follows. Definition: A formal grammar G is a set of 4 elements N is a set of non-terminal symbols , or variables, T is a set of terminal symbols , or constatets, S is a set of special symbols P is a finite set of rules Terminal and non-terminal symbols create a vocabulary V=N T . The set S includes start state S and also finite states F . The rules P can be phrase structural rules or substitution rules and also transform rules Classification of grammars and formal languages. Chomski's hierarchy Formal languages includes 4 classes correspondingly to 4 types of grammars (Table 3.1): - natural languages, with a system of arbitrary rules (for example, English languages), - context languages, with rules depending on context (programming languages LISP, PROLOG), - context-free languages, in which the rules are started with non-terminal symbols (for instatece, PASCAL, C)

31. Mikhail.belkin - CSE 625:Introduction To Automata And Formal Languages CSE 625Introduction to Automata and formal Languages Context free grammars and context free languages. Proving that a grammar describes a certain http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~mbelkin/cse625_au07/

CSE 625:Introduction to Automata and Formal Languages Time: MWF 8:30 Place: DL 713 Instuctor: Mikhail Belkin Office: DL 597 Office hours: Mon, Wed, Fri 9:30-10:30. TA: Adam Schultz (schultza at cse.ohio-state.edu) Office hours: 14:30-15:18, CL420 Textbook: Introduction to Languages and the Theory of Computation , John Martin Midterm: Oct 19, 2007 Final: Last day of classes. Grades: Final 40%. Midterm 30%. HW 30%. The lowest score will be dropped. Homework is always due next Wednesday in class. No late homework will be accepted! Class 1, Sept 19. Introduction. Basic set operations. Quantifiers. Class 2, Sept 21. Mathematical induction. Recursion, recursive algorithms. HW 2.8, 2.13, 2.24 Class 3, Sept 24. Mathematical induction. Languages. Operations on languages. HW 1.7,1.20,1.39,1.40,1.70 Class 4, Sept 26. Languages. Regular Expressions. HW 2.40, 3.1, 3.2, 3.7, 3.9 Class 5, Sept 28. Regular Expressions. Regular languages. Recursive definition of regular languages. Class 6, Oct 1. Regular languages. Finite state automata.

32. Automata And Formal Languages (Final Year Module) : Course Catalogue : King's Co Pushdown Automata and Context-free grammars, The language of machines an introduction to computability and formal languages. Computer Science Press. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/international/sae/sa/coursecatalogue/programme/861

Text only Current students For staff Contact ... Feedback Search site You are here: Home International Applying to King's Study Abroad ... Email page to a friend Automata and Formal Languages (Final year module) Code Semester Fall Pre-requisites You must be a Computer Science major with a cumulative GPA of 3.3. Please also ensure that you have some knowledge of JAVA Programming, Elementary Logic and Discrete Mathematics for Computing. Programme description The aim of this course is to introduce computational ideas and models, particularly centred on the concept of a grammar and the equivalent automaton. The course leads naturally into the meaning of computable functions and what is decidable and not decidable. Topics: Introduction: Set notation, functions and relations, Alphabets, strings and languages, Mathematical background. Finite Automata: Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA), Non-Determinisic Finite Automata (NFA), Equivalence of DFA and NFA, Minimizing the number of states of a DFA. Regular expressions: Equivalence of regular expressions and finite automata, Closure properties of regular languages

33. Vandamteaching - CS 138, Fall 2007: Automata And Formal Languages formal languages; finite Automata and regular expressions; properties of regular languages; pushdown Automata and contextfree grammars; properties of http://vandamteaching.googlepages.com/cs138

Table of Contents CS 138, Fall 2007: Automata and Formal Languages Announcements [Dec 10] The grade estimations have been mailed out to those who asked for it. These estimates are based on your score on Homeworks 1-6 and your Midterm score. These scores are then normalized such that he average is and the standard deviation is 1. The estimated normalized final score is calculated by the expression "0.4*normalized(HW1-6) + 0.6*normalized(MT)", the estimated grade is based on this number. [Dec 10] See here for the Answers to Homework 7 [Dec 10] The black-on-white version of the slides is available for your printing pleasure. [Dec 10] Again, please note the unusual location for the Final: Buchanan 1920; all other information regarding the final is given in these slides [Dec 9] The answers to the example Final from 2006 has been posted. [Dec 7] There will be an extra Discussion session on Tuesday, December 11, between 3-4 pm in the CTL (which is the trailer 932 in quadrant E4 on the campus map [Dec 6] Three sets of slides have been posted: - Pushdown automata (have a brief look at those before the Final) - Information on the Final and the determination of the final grade - Some addition slides on Turing machines (this is not relevant for the Final, but some of you might be interested in this nevertheless)

34. Theory Of Computation Finite Automata. formal grammars. Analysis and compilation. Generativity. Relationship between generative processes and recognition processes. http://www.fib.upc.edu/en/infoAca/estudis/assignatures/TC.html

Català Castellano FACULTAT D'INFORMÀTICA DE BARCELONA Current students Prospective students Alumni Incoming students ... Agenda Theory of Computation (TC) Credits Dept. Type Requirements 9.0 (7.2 ECTS) LSI Compulsory for DIE Elective for DCSFW ADA Prerequisite for DIE , DCSYS MATD Prerequisite for DIE , DCSYS Instructors Person in charge: Guillem Godoy Balil (ggodoy lsi.upc.edu) Rafel Cases Muñoz (cases lsi.upc.edu) Others: Glyn Morrill (morrill lsi.upc.edu) Luis Marquez Villodre (lluism lsi.upc.edu) M. Carmen Alvarez Faura (alvarez lsi.upc.edu) Mitsche Dieter Wilhelm General goals The aim of this subject is to provide a theoretical structure allowing the analysis of processes in the basis on their difficulty. Studying the relationship between generativity (grammars) and solvability (automata), motivated by their use in compilers. Students should also acquire a theoretical knowledge of the limitations of these processes (undecidible problems). Upon finishing this subject, students should be familiar with the degrees of complexity intrinsic to regular and context-free languages. They will have a number of tools for describing, recognising, and characterising these languages. Specific goals Knowledges Algorithm complexity and problem complexity.

35. AutoMathA 2007 Algorithms on Automata and words Languages and formal grammars - Symbolic dynamics and coding (C) Applications - System analysis and verification http://www.math.unipa.it/~ama07/

AutoMathA 2007 Automata: from Mathematics to Applications June 18-22, 2007 - Hotel La Torre, Mondello Palermo, ITALY Also supported by Home Call for Papers Program Committee Invited Speakers Organizing Committee ... Travel Information The conference AutoMathA 2007 (Automata: from Mathematics to Applications) will be held in Mondello, near Palermo, Italy, on June 18-22, 2007. AutoMathA 2007 is the main conference of the programme AutoMathA of the European Science Foundation. This five-year multidisciplinary programme (2005-2010), at the crossroads of mathematics, theoretical computer science and applications, gathers 14 European countries. The goal of AutoMathA is to propose a set of co-ordinated actions for advancing the theory of automata and for increasing its application to challenging scientific problems. See http://www.esf.org/automatha for more details. Topics of interest The topics of the conference will range from the mathematical foundations of automata theory to the more recent applications. The programme will include a mix of invited and contributed papers. All areas covered by the AutoMathA programme are welcome:

36. IBM Research | | Nabe | Publications Learning Commutative Deterministic Finite State Automata in Polynomial Time, Polynomial Learnability and Locality of formal grammars. http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research_people.nsf/pages/nabe.pubs.html

Country/region change All of IBM Home Products My account Naoki Abe ... Publications Publications Journal Papers Naoki Abe Learning Commutative Deterministic Finite State Automata in Polynomial Time New Generation Computing , February 1991. Naoki Abe and Manfred Warmuth On the Computational Complexity of Approximating Probability Distributions by Probabilistic Automata Machine Learning , Vol. 9, July 1992. Naoki Abe and Osamu Watanabe Polynomially Sparse Variations and Reducibility among Prediction Problems IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems , Vol. E75-D, No. 4, July 1992. Naoki Abe Characterizing PAC-Learnability of Semilinear Sets Information and Computation , 116(1), January 1995. Atsuyoshi Nakamura and Naoki Abe Exact Learning of Linear Combinations of Monotone Terms from Function Value Queries Theoretical Computer Science Naoki Abe Towards Realistic Theories of Learning New Generation Computing , Vol.15(1997). Naoki Abe and Hiroshi Mamitsuka Predicting Protein Secondary Structures Based on Stochastic Tree Grammars Machine Learning, Vol. 29(1997) Hang Li and Naoki Abe Clustering Words with the MDL Principle Journal of Natural Language Processing , Vol.4, No.2, 1997.

37. LANGUAGES, GRAMMARS, AUTOMATA & QUANTUM ANALOGS The languages accepted by nondeterministic pushdown Automata are precisely the formal languages with context free grammars. Compilers for computer languages http://graham.main.nc.us/~bhammel/MATH/autom.html

An Alphabet A Language L (spoken or written) A Syntax or Grammar ... The Language of Quantum Field Theory An alphabet is a finite set of discriminatable and irreducible symbols that can be used either as such, or as representations of some other such set. This abstracts and refines the linguistical idea of alphabet where the symbols map to sounds in a most highly contextual way, most especially in English, which because of its multilingual basis is rather unphonetic in a strict sense. In spoken lnguage, the alphabetic elements are called phonemes , while in written language they are called lexemes . Both have a sense of irreducibility. This sense of alphabet would also include what a linguist would distinguish as a "syllabary" [Wikipedia], of symbols of the forms, C, V, CV, VC, and even possily VCV or CVC. The symbols would then be called graphemes. A Language L (spoken or written) formally given, is a set S(A*) of finite length strings A* formed from some primary finite set A usually called the alphabet possessed of a syntactical (grammatical) and a semantical structure. S(A*) is a subset of the set A* of all possible strings formed from A.

38. General Problems Of Formal Grammars 6 CHOMSKY, N. formal properties of grammars. In Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, Vol. Z. E. Structure of undecidable problems in Automata theory. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=321560

39. Theory Of Computing 2006/2007 (FUB MSc In Computer Science) - Lectures how to prove that finite Automata accept exactly the regular languages; how to construct a R.E. Topics. regular languages; Automata; formal grammars http://www.inf.unibz.it/~calvanese/teaching/06-07-tc/lectures.html

Free University of Bolzano/Bozen Faculty of Computer Science Master of Science in Computer Science Theory of Computing Lectures A.Y. 2006/2007 Prof. Diego Calvanese Teaching material Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation (2nd edition). J.E. Hopcroft, R. Motwani, J.D. Ullman. Addison Wesley, 2003. Lecture Notes for Theory of Computing . Diego Calvanese. 2006. Available as scanned pages in pdf. Exercises on Theory of Computing . Available as scanned pages in pdf. Lectures Summary Week Topics Monday (lecture) Wednesday (lecture) Wednesday (exercise) Extra (lecture) Oct. 2 Course introduction Course introduction, basic notions about languages Lec 1,2 Formal proofs Exer 0 Oct. 9 Finite automata Deterministic FA Lec 3,4 Nondeterministic FA Lec 5,6 DFAs and NFAs Exer 1 Epsilon-NFAs Lec 7,8 Oct. 16 Regular expressions Regular expressions, from REs to FAs Lec 9,10 From DFAs to REs, closure properties for RLs Lec 11,12 Epsilon-NFAs and RE Exer 2 Oct. 23 Regular languages Pumping lemma Lec 13,14 Decision properties for RLs, NFA minimization Lec 15,16

40. The Chomsky Hierarchy Of Formal Grammars The Chomsky Hierarchy of formal grammars. The languages defined by Type 1 grammars are accepted by linear bounded Automata; the syntax of some natural http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Winter97/IntroCompPhon/compphon/node6

Next: Some useful properties of Up: Formalisms Previous: Formal Grammars The Chomsky Hierarchy of formal grammars Type 0: Unrestricted rewriting systems. The languages defined by Type grammars are accepted by Turing machines; Chomskyan transformations are defined as Type grammars. Type grammars have rules of the form where and are arbitrary strings over a vocabulary V and Type 1: Context-sensitive grammars . The languages defined by Type 1 grammars are accepted by linear bounded automata; the syntax of some natural languages (including Dutch, Swiss German and Bambara), but not all, is generally held in computational linguistics to have structures of this type. Type 1 grammars have rules of the form B where , or of the form , where is the initial symbol and is the empty string. Type 2: Context-free grammars . The languages defined by Type 2 grammars are accepted by push-down automata; the syntax of natural languages is definable almost entirely in terms of context-free languages and the tree structures generated by them. Type 2 grammars have rules of the form , where . There are special `normal forms', e.g. Chomsky Normal Form or Greibach Normal Form, into which any CFG can be equivalently converted; they represent optimisations for particular types of processing.

41. MACM-300 - Introduction To Formal Languages And Automata The notion of a formal grammar arises from the need to formalize the informal Finitestate Automata deterministic and non-deterministic Automata http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/courses/MACM-300-Spring-2006/index.html

MACM-300 - Spring 2006 - Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata Announcements Assignments References Weekly Readings ... Course Policies (first time here? read this) Instructor Dr. Anoop Sarkar Location : Acad Quad, AQ 5030 Time : 10:30-11:20am MWF gosfu Term: gosfu Class Number: Mailing List Mailing list archives Office : TASC 9427 Office hours : Mon, 11:30a-12:30p The goal of this course is to begin to understand the foundations of computation. Various models of computation exist, all of which capture some fundamental aspect of computation. We will concentrate on three classes of models: models with finite amount of memory (finite-state automata); models with stack memory (push-down automata); and unrestricted models (Turing machines). The notion of a formal grammar arises from the need to formalize the informal notions of grammar and language. Many formal grammars were invented: right-linear grammars, context-free grammars and unrestricted grammars. These grammars can be placed in a natural hierarchy. Surprisingly, there is a deep connection between these grammars, the strings they generate (their language), and the models of computation introduced above. This course will also briefly cover the impact of formal language theory for many computer science applications: in compilers, natural language processing, and program verification.

42. Springer Online Reference Works A type of formal grammar (cf. Grammar, formal); actually it is a special case of a . formal languages and their relation to Automata , AddisonWesley http://eom.springer.de/G/g044820.htm

Encyclopaedia of Mathematics G Article referred from Article refers to Grammar, generative, Chomsky grammar A type of formal grammar (cf. Grammar, formal ); actually it is a special case of a Post calculus (see Post canonical system ). A systematic study of this grammar was begun in the by N. Chomsky Grammar, context-sensitive Grammar, context-free Grammar, regular ). These classes proved to be especially interesting from the mathematical point of view. A generative grammar is an ordered quadruple , where and are disjoint finite sets, known, respectively, as the terminal and non-terminal alphabets, or dictionaries (their elements are called, respectively, terminal, or basic, and non-terminal, or auxiliary, symbols), is an element of called the initial symbol , and is a finite set of rules of the form , where and are strings (words, cf. Word ) over the alphabet and forms no part of is called the scheme of the grammar. If two strings and can be represented as, respectively, , where is one of the rules of , then one says that is directly derivable from in (denoted by or ). A sequence of strings

43. CSE477-Ling549 Fall 2007 This course will deal with basic techniques in mathematical linguistics, especially focusing on grammars, formal languages, Automata, role of formal http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cse477/

CSE477-Ling549: Mathematical Techniques in Linguistics, Fall 2007 URL for this page http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cse477/ If you are registered for this course in Fall 07 plase click here each time you visit this homepage. You will find here some notes, hints to some problems, assignments, and other useful information. Instructor: Aravind K. Joshi joshi@seas.upenn.edu Class: Tue 6 p.m. Towne 309 Office Hours: By appointment Introduction Textbook What you need to do Tentative Schedule ... Other Useful Information Introduction This course will deal with basic techniques in mathematical linguistics, especially focusing on grammars, formal languages, automata, role of formal grammars and machines in linguistics (in phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and even some aspects of discourse). After a brief introduction to the basic concepts of set theory, relations, and functions, and properties of relations, we will cover the following topics, not all at the same level. Grammars, languages, and automata- finite state grammars, regular expressions, finite state transducers, context-free grammars and pushdown automata. Context-sensitive grammars- string context sensitivity and structural context-sensitivity. Mildly context-sensitive grammars. Turing machines. Grammars as deductive systems, parsing as deduction. Stochastic grammars. The course will deal with these topics in a very basic and introductory manner, i.e., the key ideas of the proofs and not detailed proofs will be presented. More importantly, throughout the course plenty of linguistic examples will be discussed to bring out the linguistic relevance of these topics.

44. JFLAP with formal languages topics including nondeterministic finite Automata, pushdown Automata, multitape Turing machines, several types of grammars, http://www.jflap.org/

no frames link to programs Last modified: Fri Jul 1 12:01:32 EDT 2005

45. Daniel Fredouille sequences sharing the same biological function using as models formal grammars. this projects aims at improving Automata/regular grammar inference http://www.comp.rgu.ac.uk/staff/df/

Daniel Fredouille address : The The Robert Gordon University School of Computing Saint Andrew street Aberdeen AB25 1HG United Kingdom Phone: +44 (0) 1224 262574 Email : df comp.rgu.ac.uk Welcome on my professional page. Presentation Research interests General introduction Projects I am involved in ... Curriculum vitae (updated 15/11/2005) Presentation Research interests: My research concerns the domain of machine learning , and is applied to the field of bioinformatics To be more precise, I am a specialist of grammatical inference , in other words the discovery of grammatical models enabling to characterize sets of sequences. I am mainly working to obtain such models to characterize sets of proteins sharing a common biological function. Apart from my speciality (grammatical inference), I am also very interested in: Biological networks Protein structure prediction Knowledge formalisation for its introduction in machine learning tools (Inductive) Logic Programming Compression measures (MML and MDL encoding) General introduction: Machine learning is the area of study concerned with how a computational system can acquire knowledge from its experiences and observations. When dealing more precisely with

46. Hedge Automata: A Formal Model For XML Schemata Hedge Automata a formal model for XML schemata. MURATA Makoto (FAMILY Given) In this section, we introduce regular hedge grammars (RHGs). http://www.xml.gr.jp/relax/hedge_nice.html

Hedge automata: a formal model for XML schemata MURATA Makoto (FAMILY Given) Introduction This note shows preliminaries of the hedge automaton theory. In the XML community, this theory has been recently recognized as a simple but powerful model for XML schemata. In particular, the design of RELAX (REgular LAnguage for XML) is directly based on this theory. Hedges First, we introduce hedges . Informally, a hedge is a sequence of trees. In the XML terminology, a hedge is a sequence of elements possibly interevened by character data (or types of character data); in particular, an XML document is a hedge. A hedge over a finite set (of symbols) and a finite set X (of variables) is: X , where X is a variable in X , where a is a symbol in and u is a hedge (the addition of a symbol as the root node), or uv , where u and v are hedges (the concatenation of two hedges). Figure 1 depicts three hedges: a a x > , and a b b x > . Observe that elements of (i.e., a and b ) are used as labels of non-leaf nodes, while elements of X (i.e.

47. CMSC 451 Lecture 13, Formal Grammars, CFG grammars that have the same languages as DFA s A grammar is defined as G = (V, T, P, S) where V is a . formal Language Definitions Automata Definitions http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~squire/cs451_l13.html

index Lecture 13 Context Free Grammars, CFG g_reg.g index Other links Syllabus homework details HW1..HW6, Quiz 1 homework details HW7..HW10, Quiz 2 and Final Lecture notes, one per page ... Go to top

48. Automata And Formal Languages In the formal language theory a language can be a by three different ways 1) by a device (automaton), 2) by a grammar, or 3) by certain operations. http://vanha.math.utu.fi/research/automata/autores.html

Automata and Formal Languages The theory of formal languages (or automata) constitutes a cornerstone of the theoretical computer science. However, its origin comes from different sources, for example, switching circuits, natural languages, modeling a biological phenomena, programming languages and computability (see Decidability questions ). These fields are also the examples of applications of formal languages. The latest applications of the automata and formal languages are in cryptography and computer graphics. As general reference to the formal language theory we give A. Salomaa's monograph Formal Languages. Let A be a finite alphabet. A set of words over the alphabet a is called a language. In the formal language theory a language can be a by three different ways: 1) by a device automaton 2) by a grammar , or 3) by certain operations A (finite) automaton can be thought as a very simple model for computer. It is a device, which has a finite memory and it either accepts or rejects given inputs. Some models have also outputs. If M is a finite automaton, which takes the words over the alphabet A as inputs, then the set of words accepted by M is said to be a language accepted by M. There are many different models of automata, for example, (deterministic) finite automata, push-down automata, multitape automata and weighted automata. Turing machines can also be regarded as automata. So called tree automata are a very special form of automata. Different models of automata accept a different family of languages.

49. Computation Theory Of Cellular Automata (1984) Cellular Automata are examples of mathematical systems which may instead (This descriptive use of formal grammars may be contrasted with the use of http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/articles/ca/84-computation/2/text.htm

Publications by Stephen Wolfram Articles Cellular Automata Computation Theory of Cellular Automata (1984) Computation Theory of Cellular Automata (1984) 1. Introduction Systems that follow the second law of thermodynamics evolve with time to maximal entropy and complete disorder, destroying any order initially present. Cellular automata are examples of mathematical systems which may instead exhibit ``self-organizing'' behaviour A one dimensional cellular automaton consists of a line of sites, with each site taking on a finite set of possible values, updated in discrete time steps according to a deterministic rule involving a local neighbourhood of sites around it. The value of site at time step is denoted and is a symbol chosen from the alphabet The possible sequences of these symbols form the set of cellular automaton configurations . Most of this paper concerns the evolution of infinite sequences ; finite sequences flanked by quiescent sites (with say value 0) may also be considered. At each time step each site value is updated according to the values of a neighbourhood of sites around it by a local rule of the form This local rule leads to a global mapping on complete cellular automaton configurations. Then in general

50. Carlos Martín Vide / Carlos Martin Vide 10th International Conference on Automata and formal Languages (AFL 02, Debrecen, 10th Conference on formal Grammar and 9th Meeting on Mathematics of http://grlmc-dfilrom.urv.cat/grlmc/PersonalPages/cmv/cmv.html

Carlos Martín Vide Scientific Activities 2002-2006 Publications CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES 2002-2006 Primer Congreso Español de Algoritmos Evolutivos y Bioinspirados (AEB'02, Mérida, Spain, February 6-8) Weighted Automata: Theory and Applications (WATA, Dresden, Germany, March 4-8) Thinking about Computing: An Alan Turing Weekend School (Istanbul, Turkey, May 4-5) 8th International Meeting on DNA Based Computers (DNA8, Sapporo, Japan, June 10-13) 15th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI 2002, Lyon, France, July 21-26) 14th European Summer School of Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI'2002, Trento, Italy, August 4-17) 10th International Conference on Automata and Formal Languages (AFL'02, Debrecen, Hungary, August 13-18) The Eighth Annual International Computing and Combinatorics Conference (COCOON02, Singapore, August 15-17) Workshop on Membrane Computing (WMC-CdeA 2002, Curtea de Arges, Romania, August 19-23) Thirteenth Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands Meeting (CLIN 2002, Groningen, The Netherlands, November 29) Workshop of the European Molecular Computing Consortium/Molecular Computing Network (EMCC/MolCoNet, Budapest, Hungary, November 29-30)

51. Digital Music Online Course - Artificial Intelligence And Music CAMUS uses a type of formal grammar to produce sequences of music structures using a class of mathematical formalisms called as cellular Automata . http://x2.i-dat.org/~csem/UNESCO/7/index.html

The Musical Brain Understanding Intelligence with AI Intelligent Computer Music Formal Grammars ... Conclusion One of the key feature that distinguishes humans from other animals is the fact that we are intrinsically musical. Music is generally associated with the expression of emotions, but it is also common sense that the intellect plays an important role in musical activities. The interplay between these two elements figures in the research agenda of a variety of scientific fields, including Neuroscience, Cognitive Sciences and Artificial Intelligence (AI), to cite but a few. This essay introduces some fundamental issues of AI and its interplay with music. The Musical Brain Understanding Intelligence with AI Answers to such types of questions tend to be either biased to particular viewpoints or ambiguous. The problem is that once a machine is capable of performing such types of activities, we tend to cease to consider these activities as intelligent. Intelligence will always be that unknown aspect of the human mind that has not yet been understood or simulated. Intelligent Computer Music Machines Music is without doubt one of the most intriguing activities of human intelligence. By studying models of this activity, researchers attempt to decipher the inner mysteries of both music and intelligence. From a pragmatic point of view, however, the ultimate goal of Music and AI research is to make computers behave like skilled musicians. Skilled musicians should be able to perform highly specialized tasks such as composition, analysis, improvisation, playing instruments, etc., but also less specialized ones such as reading a concert review in the newspaper and talking to fellow musicians. In this case the music machine would need to have some basic understanding of human social issues, such as sorrow and joy. Will computers ever display such highly sophisticated and integrated behaviour?

52. Formal Grammar The formal Grammar Conference. the classes of trees and finite trees can be defined. FOT is strictly more powerful than tree walking Automata. http://cs.haifa.ac.il/~shuly/fg06/program.html

FG-2006 FG-2006: The 11th conference on Formal Grammar Collocated with the European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information Malaga, Spain, July 29-30, 2006 Background FG is a series of conferences on Formal Grammar, held in conjunction with the European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information , which takes place yearly in Europe. FG provides a forum for the presentation of new and original research on formal grammar, with particular regard to the application of formal methods to natural language analysis. Themes of interest include, but are not limited to, formal and computational phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics; model-theoretic and proof-theoretic methods in linguistics; constraint-based and resource-sensitive approaches to grammar; learnability of formal grammar; integration of stochastic and symbolic models of grammar; foundational, methodological and architectural issues in grammar. Previous conferences in this series have welcomed papers from a wide variety of frameworks. Program Saturday, July 29th

53. Applications Of Automata Theory Noam Chomsky extended the Automata theory idea of complexity hierarchy to a formal language hierarchy, which led to the concept of formal grammar. http://www.stanford.edu/~jcackler/automata/apps.htm

Automata Theory home basics the firing squad problem applications ... references Applications of Automata Theory Linguistics Automata theory is the basis for the theory of formal languages . A proper treatment of formal language theory begins with some basic definitions: A symbol is simply a character, an abstraction that is meaningless by itself. An alphabet is a finite set of symbols. A word is a finite string of symbols from a given alphabet. Finally, a language is a set of words formed from a given alphabet. The set of words that form a language is usually infinite , although it may be finite or empty as well. Formal languages are treated like mathematical sets, so they can undergo standard set theory operations such as union and intersection . Additionally, operating on languages always produces a language. As sets, they are defined and classified using techniques of automata theory. Formal languages are normally defined in one of three ways, all of which can be described by automata theory: regular expressions standard automata a formal grammar system Regular Expressions Example Languages can also be defined by any kind of automaton , like a Turing Machine. In general, any automata or machine M operating on an alphabet A can produce a perfectly valid language L. The system could be represented by a bounded Turing Machine tape, for example, with each cell representing a word. After the instructions halt, any word with value

54. Automata Step By Step: Automata Step By Step Automata Step by Step. formal Grammar A formal grammar, or sometimes simply grammar, is a precise description of a formal language — that is, http://automatasteps.blogspot.com/2007/04/automata-step-by-step_26.html

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55. CiNii - Inherent Ambiguity Of Languages Generated By Spine We will show that the language accepted by a deterministic transfer pushdown automaton is generated by an unambiguous spine grammar. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003214295/en/